Documentation about native raw socket programming

			Exile 2000 International Coding Team
			     (http://www.exile2k.org)
		   Documentation about native raw socket programming
			   All rights reserved Exile Team

		Free to distribute this text just keep it's integrity
	       	   Ripping is lame remember this


	Questions or comments?

				    Nitr0gen
			     [email protected]


		PLEASE EXCUSE MY POOR ENGLISH, IT'S NOT MY MOTHER LANGUAGE



-----[ Forewords ]---


		Well you're in it, there's no  way to  escape
	the native way of raw socket programming. In contrast
	of many  people  thinking it's  boring  or a waste of
	time, coding in raw socket  is a good  experience  to
	learn and  is very  useful  sometimes.  With it,  you
	get   more flexibility   to  innovate new  protocols,
	control   what's   really happening   at lower level.
	Building  packet  through  a  library   is  efficient
	but imagine how powerfull  it gets when  you can code
	your own lib.  Actually, i'm not  writing  this paper
	to convince you how kool or strong raw socket  coding
	is, so i'll get  to  the  point. Firstly  i  want  to
	notice  that to  understand this documentation a good
	knowledge of C and networking  concept's required.  i
	introduce the ip  header first, secondly  tcp header,
	then  udp header  and  last  but  not least, the icmp
	header.

	The second part   of this foreword  is   dedicated to
	lamers.  i know   the  whole  world's   focusing   on
	them     but   please,  respect   the    intellectual
	knowledge of the  author  and   don't  rip  this text
	for your purposes.


-----[ Content ]---




	[ Ip Header ]
		- Theory
		- Fragmentation
		- Checksum
		- Examples

	[ Tcp Header ]
		- Theory
		- Example

	[ Udp Header ]
		- Theory
		- Example

	[ Icmp Header ]
		- Theory
		- Example

	[ The Implementation ]

	[ Conclusion ]

	[ Appendix A ]
		- Structures and Functions
		- Sources

	[ References ]

	[ Greetings ]




				[ CHAPTER 1 ]
				 (IP HEADER)


---[ Theory


		Well if you're interest in raw socket programming
	i assume  you  know  tcp/ip's basic. By this, i mean  all
	layers  and stuff.  Ip  header is  part  of  the  NETWORK
	layers in tcp/ip protocol suit. Basicly ip header is used
	to route packets over a network such as the internet, wan
	or lan. Transmission  mode of this  header is  unreliable
	datagram  because  you  don't have  garanty that  it will
	arrive  at  destination, or  even   worst, packets   sent
	aren't surely received in the order they were  delivered.
	Take for example (Datagram A and B) A  is sent  before B,
	it's not garantied that A will take the same way(Routing)
	as B to arrive at destination. The result of this is what
	i said before, datagram aren't surely received in the way
	they were delivered.As you are reading this documentation
	you   know it's  not  a  tcp/ip course   but   a   coding
	documentation, therefore, i'll limit myself to coding. As
	a  matter  of  information,  when  you   build  a  packet
	don't  forget   your   htons()   or htonl()   to  respect
	byte ordering. Some  reader  will  interogate  themselves
	and ask  why i'm  telling that,  i'll answer  that i have
	been sticking 1 month to find this little problem. PLEASE
	DON'T DO AS I DID!!!!




	Here's an ascii art of a Ip header:


	0                     15-16                    31
	+-----+-----+-----------+-----------------------+  \
	| Ver | IHL |    TOS    |      Total Length     |   \
	| (4) | (4) |    (8)    |         (16 )         |    |
	+-----+-----+-----------+--------+--------------+    |
	|    Identification     |  Flags |  Frag Offset |    |
	|        (16)           |   (3)  |     (13)     |    |
	+-----------+-----------+--------+--------------+    |
	|    TTL    |  Protocol |    Header Checksum    |   20 Bytes
	|    (8)    |    (8)    |         (16)          |    |
        +-----------+-----------+-----------------------+    |
	|               Source Ip Address               |    |
	|                      (32)                     |    |
	+-----------------------------------------------+    |
	|             Destination Ip Address            |    |
	|                      (32)                     |   /
	+-----------------------------------------------+  /
	<                     Options                   >
	>                     (if any)                  <
	+-----------------------------------------------+
	>                                               <
	<                      Data                     >
        >                                               <



	Version (4 bits):
			Version field is used to specify Internet
		Protocol version, usually  IpV4 since IpV6 hasn't
		been released officially yet.


	IHL (Internet Header Length, 4 bits):
			Ihl's the length, in  32 bits words, of the
		Ip header.  When using no options, the  value  by
		default should be 5.


	TOS (Type Of Service, 8 bits):
			Tos is  used to  specify  services needs.

		There's 4 options for TOS:

			*NAME*              *Hex value*

		1- Minimize delay	      	0x10
		2- Maximize throughput	      0x08
		3- Maximize reliability	      0x04
		4- Minimize monatary cost     0x02

		 1: This is  used by  application  who  transfert
		    small  ammounts  of  data  and   needs a fast
		    reponse.

		 2: In oposite, this is  used  by  an application
		    transfering   lots  of  data  and   wants  to
		    increased his data throughput.

		 3: I don't know about it, will be explained next
		    paper.

		 4: I don't know about it, will be explained next
		    paper.

		Since TOS is an experimantal  feature  of  IP, we
		won't discuss further about  it  in  this  paper,
		next paper  could  eventually go deeper  into Tos
		theory.


	Total Length (8 bits):
			This's to specify datagrams size, headers
		+ data. For example:
		We got a  (ip header + tcp header[syn])  without
		data. Size of  ip header's 20 and tcps size too,
		then tot_len field will be 40.


	Identification (16 bits):
			Id is used to   identify   fragments. When
		datagrams  aren't  fragmented   this   field  is
		useless.Id usually increments from from datagram
		to datagram.  Each fragment haves the same id as
		the first datagram.


	Flags (3 bits):
			This field of Ip is used by fragmentation.
		There is 4 flags:

			*NAME*		*Hex value*

		 No flags				0x00
		 More fragment			0x01
		 Don't fragment			0x02
		 More and Dont't frag		0x03

		More frag means that there is more fragment  after
		this dgram, don't frag  tells not to fragment that
		piece and the last  do both.  When you  fragment a
		dgram,the last packet doesn't haves MF (More Frag)
		set.


	Fragment Offset (13 bits):
			This is  the  offset  within   the  packet
		calculated.  The  first   dgram   gets  offset 0.
		This  field  is   calculated  in   64 bits.  When
		calculating,last offset will be equal to tot_len.


	TTL (Time To Live, 8 bits):
			This field is  used  to  specify   how many
		hops the dgram will be  able  to go through. It's
		decreased each time forwarded. When the TTL reach
		0 the hop discard dgram  and  send  back  an icmp
		message  TIME EXCEED to  the   source. This is to
		avoid  infinit loop of dgram in a network.


	Protocol (8 bits):
			This specify  the  protocol for  transport
		layer.  The value can be:

		*NAME*			*Hex value*

		IPPROTO_TCP		   	   0x06
		IPPROTO_UDP		   	   0x11
		IPPROTO_ICMP		   0x01

		There's more protocol but they won't be covered in
		this paper.  For more  information take  a look at
		this header who defines all constants.
		'/usr/include/linux/in.h'


	Header CheckSum (16 bits):
			The checksum's used to verify datagrams
		integrity.  If data  gets corrupted or modified
		during transport, then it can be detected  with
		checksum.  If checksum  doesn't match dgram, it
		is hardly discared  without  warnings.  This is
		annoying under coding point   of view.  Look at
		Appendix  A  for    the    checksum    function
		( in_cksum() ).


	Source Ip (32 bits):
			The source  ip  of the host  sending  the
			datagram.

	Destination Ip (32 bits):
			The  destination ip  for  this   datagram.



	Options (Variable):
			Options  field  will  not be  covered   in
		this paper, but a next version should.



		Under programming point  of  view, building  a  Ip
	Header is simply filling  a  structure.  Since  i'm  using
	Linux, all reference made  to headers  and  syscalls  will
	be based on linux 2.2.13.




---[ Fragmentation


		Basicly fragmentation is when  the MTU (Maximum
	Transfert Unit) is lower  then the  dgram total length.
	So we must break it into few  pieces and send it,  once
	at   destination    it   rebuild    the    dgram.  When
	fragmenting, we need specific field  set in  Ip header.
	Flag MF must be set to all  fragment  except the  last.
	Offset for the first packet must  be  zero.  Id must be
	the same for each fragment to identify  which  fragment
	belongs to what serie of datagram  piece.  If Ip header
	is modified   in    a   fragment, checksum    must   be
	recalculated.  First   fragments  total length gets the
	value of MTU and so on...




---[ Checksum


		Well, calculating a header checksum isn't hard,
	take a look  at  the  Appendix A to  see  the  function
	responsible   of   calculating   checksum. Here's   the
	prototype:

	 unsigned short in_cksum(unsigned short *addr, int len);

    - unsigned short *addr : This is a pointer to your ip header.
    - int len :	           This is the  length  of  your ip header.

		Basicly here is what the function do:

	    /*
	     * Our algorithm is simple, using a 32 bit accumulator (sum), we add
	     * sequential 16 bit words to it, and at the end, fold back all the
	     * carry bits from the top 16 bits into the lower 16 bits.
	     */





---[ Examples


		The name tells explicitly what you'll find on that
	section. We assume we are on a Little Endian cpu.



/***********************************************************************/
/*		Exile 2000 International Coding Team                   */
/*		     (http://www.exile2k.org)                          */
/*		   All rights reserved Exile Team                      */
/*		    Copyright 2000 (C) Nitr0gen                        */
/*                                                                     */
/*                This function basicly build a IP header              */
/*                       WITHOUT FRAGMENTATION                         */
/*                                                                     */
/***********************************************************************/

void buildip_nf(){ /*** Function building a IP Header ***/

	struct iphdr *ip;  
		/*** A little step for a man, a big step for human kind ***/

	ip = (struct iphdr *) malloc(sizeof(struct iphdr));    
		/*** Allocating dynamic memory ***/

	ip->ihl     = 5;	/*** IP Header Length in bytes ***/
	ip->version = 4;	/*** IP Version ***/
	ip->tos     = 0;	/*** Experimental (See higher for details) ***/
	ip->tot_len = sizeof(struct iphdr) + 452/*** Total length of packet ***/
						      

	ip->id      = htons(getuid()); 
		/*** Identification of the packet, useless
					    for us ***/

	ip->ttl      = 255;		/*** The packet can pass up
						 to 255 hop ***/
	ip->protocol = IPPROTO_TCP; /*** If we use tcp at TRANSPORT layer***/
	ip->saddr    = inet_addr("127.0.0.1");	/*** Packet source ip ***/
	ip->daddr    = inet_addr("127.0.0.1");	/*** Packet destination ip ***/

	ip->check    = in_cksum((unsigned short *)ip, sizeof(struct iphdr)); 
				  /*** Checksum ***/

} 




/***********************************************************************/
/*		Exile 2000 International Coding Team                       */
/*		     (http://www.exile2k.org)                              */
/*		   All rights reserved Exile Team                          */
/*		    Copyright 2000 (C) Nitr0gen                      	     */
/*                                                                     */
/*                This function basicly build a IP header              */
/*                       FRAGMENTATION of ip                           */
/*                    datagram into 2 fragments                        */
/*                         MTU = 280 bytes                             */
/*                                                                     */
/***********************************************************************/



void buildip_f(){ /*** Function building a fragmented IP Header ***/

	struct iphdr *ipf;

	ipf = (struct iphdr *) malloc(sizeof(struct iphdr));

/**** FIRST FRAGMENT ***/
        ipf->ihl     = 5; /*** Length of header in 32 bits word */
        ipf->version = 4; /*** Ip version */
        ipf->tos     = 0; /*** Type of service unused */
        ipf->tot_len = sizeof(struct iphdr) + 256; /* Length of first frag */
        ipf->id      = htons(1); /*** To identify our 2 frag */
        ipf->ttl     = 255;	/*** Datagram can pass up to 255 hops */
        ipf->protocol = IPPROTO_TCP; /*** using TCP protocol.. *whatever* */
        ipf->saddr    = inet_addr("127.0.0.1"); /*** Sending from localhost */
        ipf->daddr    = inet_addr("127.0.0.1"); /*** Sending to localhost */
        ipf->frag_off = htons(0x2000); /*** Fragment 0 and MF */
        ipf->check    = in_cksum((unsigned short *)ipf,sizeof(struct iphdr)+256);
		/*** Computing checksum */


	/**** We should send the first fragment here ***/


/**** SECOND FRAGMENT ***/
        ipf->tot_len = sizeof(struct iphdr) + 196; /*** Updating dgrams length */
        ipf->frag_off = htons(32); /*** Fragment offset ***/
        ipf->check    = in_cksum((unsigned short *)ipf,sizeof(struct iphdr)+196);
		/*** Recomputing checksum since we have changed some field */

        /**** We should send the second fragment here ***/

}



				[ CHAPTER 2 ]
				(TCP  HEADER)




---[ Theory


		From now on lets take a look  at tcps  header.
	Since this is  a  reliable  transmission  mode,  you
	have to  make  a  connection   before   transmitting
	streams.  Actually,  what  is   a  connection?  With
	tcp we call it  an  Handshake  which  investigate  3
	steps.  The  first  peer  have  to  send  a tcp  SYN
	segment to  SYNchronize the  acknowledgment   number
	then  the second peer have to ACKnowledge the syn to
	make  sure it has  been  received.  If  the  SYN_ACK
	isn't  received   from  first  peer  then the  tcp's
	connection state stay  on SYN_SENT and keep  sending
	SYN to the second peer  until he gets it.  After SYN
	reception has  been  confirmed  by SYN_ACK  we  send
	back a ACK  to  confirm  the  reception  of SYN_ACK.
	Theorycally a  connection is made between both  host
	but  if  second   host  gets   disconnected   before
	receiving  our  last  ACK, we think we are connected
	but we aren't.  This  is one  of  tcp's problem. Tcp
	as Ip has a data integrity checksum  using  a pseudo
	header which will  be  discussed  later.  To be sure
	a segment comes from the source it claims, tcp added
	a Sequence  number  feature which  means  that  when
	doing the handshake, first  peer gives a Seq  Number
	then second peer ACK the SYN with her seq number set
	has the first peer sended it. Second host expect the
	next incoming  segment  to  have his  seq number  as
	specified in Acknowledgment  field  in last  segment
	sent. This method prevents misintentionned user from
	hijacking connection. Take for example:

		Host A < ---- TCP CONNECTION ----> HOST B

			     ^---- HOST X (Misintentionnned user)

		If there wasn't sequence  number, HOST X could
		send segment to  HOST B  claiming  he's HOST A
		and    reset     the  connection.  Last   year
		approximatly, this  technique   was    in use.
		But now, seq  number a   praticly random, it's
		then impossible to guess.

	This protocol got  more security options playing with
	IP options, but i'll not  cover them  on this version
	of the paper.  Tcp allow a  good  multiplexing way of
	managing his incoming and outgoing  segment.  Because
	of destination and source  port, lot  of  process can
	communicate   together at  the  same   time. I didn't
	covered all   the tcps feature   because this's not a
	tcp/ip guide  but a programming  paper but  im pretty
	sure you know that the protocol has  good features to
	keep data integrity, security   and   multiplexing...
	These options have  to cause a disadvantage somewhere
	and it  hurts  the  speed of  transmissions.  Did you
	ever ask youself about what  is a  socket?  Well  the
	term socket is  oftenly used in tcps world.  A socket
	is simply a Ip Addresse combined with  a Port  number
	and a socket pair  is  the  combination of  Source Ip
	Addresse +  Source Port + Destination Ip  Addresse  +
	Destination port.

		Tcp offer 6 major functions:


		URG:	Send urgent data to desintation peer.

		ACK:	Acknowledgement of the data.  This is
			keep  datas  integrity  as  explained
			higher.

		PSH:	Push data to destination peer.

		RST:	Resets a connection.

		SYN:	Synchronize the Seq Number.

		FIN:	No more data to send from source host.
		







	TCP Header Scheme:

	0                     15-16                    31
	+-----------------------+-----------------------+ \
	|      Source Port      |    Destination Port   |  \
	|        (16b)          |         (16b)         |  |
	+-----------------------+-----------------------+  |
	|                Sequence Number                |  |
	|                     (32b)                     |  |
	+-----------------------------------------------+  |
	|                 Acknowledgement               |  |
	|                     (32b)                     |  |
	+-------+------+--------+-----------------------+  20 Bytes
	| D_Off | Res  | Flags  |       Windows         |  |
	|  (4b) | (6b) |  (6b)  |        (16b)          |  |
	+-------+------+--------+-----------------------+  |
	|       Checksum        |    Urgent Pointer     |  |
	|         (16b)         |        (16b)          |  |
	+-----------------------+------------+----------+  |
	|               Options              | Padding  |  |
	|                (24b)               |  (8b)    |  /
	+------------------------------------+----------+ /
	>                      DATA                     <
	<                                               >




	Source Port (16 bits):
			The  source port of  this segment.
		Returning  segment  will be  received on
		this port.

	Destination Port (16 bits):
			The  segments   destination  port.
		The segment  will be  received from  the
		outgoing interface on that port.

	Sequence number (32bits):
			Sequence   number  is  a  good tcp
		security  feature.  When   a sement   is
		received, kernel tcp  module   verify if
		the number  is right.  If  it's  not  it
		discard the segment. This  is  to  avoid
		misintentionned   kids   hijacking   tcp
		connections as i said previously.




	Acknowledgment (32 bits):
			When ACK flag's  set,  the   value
		of this  field  is set  to the  new  Seq
		number expecting  to  receive from  next
		segment of the other peer.


	Data Offset (4 bits):
			The   data    offset   within   the
		header   expressed  in   32  bits  words.
		If no options, default value is 5.


	Reserved (6 bits):
			Reserved  for  futur  use,  it  must
		be 0.

	Flags (6 bits):
			There   is   6   flags  in  a  tcp
		segment. Here the are:


		URG:	Urgent Pointer
		ACK:	Acknowledge
		PSH:	Push
		RST:	Reset
		SYN:	Synchronize Seq Number
		FIN:	No more data to send from source


	Windows (16 bits):
			This is to specify the  next  maximum
		segment  size. If segment exceed this value,
		it must be fragmented.


	Checksum (16 bits):
			The checksum to keep  data  integrity.
		The   checksum   is   calculating   with   a
		Pseudo-Header which  i'lll explain.  Here is
		the structure, stolen  from Tcp/Ip  Volume 1
		(The protocol) by W. Richard Stevens. Please
		give 1 minute of silence for this incredible
		man  that  have  died, he  was   a   awesome
		writer.

		Here's the struct:

			struct pseudohdr {
			        unsigned long saddr;
			        unsigned long daddr;
			        char useless;
			        unsigned char protocol;
			        unsigned short length;
			};

		The header holds the source  and   destination
		ip addresse  to   avoid   misrouted   segment.
		The "useless" character   is   to   respect 32
		bits boundary.  Its contains   the   protocol,
		in this  case IPPROTO_TCP   and   the   length
		of the segment.

		The checksum is calculated as the Ip header:


-------------- CUT HERE -----------------

  #define PSEUDO sizeof(struct pseudohdr)
  #define TCPHDR sizeof(struct tcphdr)

   struct pseudohdr pseudo;
   struct tcphdr tcp;

   pseudo.saddr    = inet_addr("127.0.0.1");
   pseudo.daddr    = inet_addr("127.0.0.1");
   pseudo.useless  = htons(0);
   pseudo.protocol = IPPROTO_TCP;
   pseudo.length   = TCPHDR + data;

   tcp->check    = in_cksum((unsigned short *)&pseudo, PSEUDO+TCPHDR); 

-------------- CUT HERE ----------------



	Urgent Pointer (16 bits):
			This field is  only signifiant if  URG flag
		is set.  It points to a data area  and this makes
		the data urgent from  destination  peer  point of
		view.


	Options (24 bits):
			Options fields will not be covered in this
		version of the paper.


	Padding (8 bits):
			The padding field  is filled with 0. It  is
		to respect 32 bits  boundary, it starts  with  32
		bits and ends with 32 bits.


---[ Example



/***********************************************************************/
/*              Exile 2000 International Coding Team                   */
/*                   (http://www.exile2k.org)                          */
/*                 All rights reserved Exile Team                      */
/*                  Copyright 2000 (C) Nitr0gen                        */
/*                                                                     */
/*                This function basicly build a TCP header             */
/*                       With SYN flag setted                          */
/*            It requests for a telnet connection on localhost         */
/*                                                                     */
/***********************************************************************/




#define TCPHDR		sizeof(struct tcphdr)
#define PSEUHDR		sizeof(struct iphdr)


void build_tcp(){

        struct tcphdr *tcp;	   /*** Tcp header ***/
        struct pseudohdr *pseudo;  /*** Pseudo header ***/

        if ((tcp = (struct tcphdr *) malloc(TCPHDR)) == NULL){
                perror("malloc()");   /*** Allocating dynamic memory ***/
                return -1;
        }

        if ((pseudo = (struct pseudohdr *) malloc(PSEUDOHDR)) == NULL){
                perror("malloc()");   /*** Allocating dynamic memory ***/
                return -1;
        }

        memset(tcp,'\0',TCPHDR);     /*** Initializing memory to \0 char ***/
        memset(pseudo,'\0',PSEUDOHDR);


        pseudo->saddr    = inet_addr("127.0.0.1"); /*** Source Ip ***/
        pseudo->daddr    = inet_addr("127.0.0.1"); /*** Destination Ip ***/
        pseudo->useless  = 0;      /*** Space reserved to respect bundary ***/
        pseudo->protocol = IPPROTO_TCP; /*** We use tcp ***/
        pseudo->length   = htons(TCPHDR); /*** Since we don't have any
				               data, the length is the
					       tcp header only. ***/


        tcp->source  = htons(5000); /*** Sending from port 5000 ***/
        tcp->dest    = htons(23);   /*** Sendting to telnetd ***/
        tcp->seq     = htonl(31337); /*** Initial sequence number ***/
        tcp->ack_seq = htonl(0);     /*** Only signifiant if ack flag set ***/
        tcp->doff    = 5;  /*** Offset of tcp header in 32 bits word ***/
        tcp->fin     = 0;  /*** FIN flag not set during handshake ***/
        tcp->syn     = 1;  /*** SYN flag set, the first step of a handshake ***/
        tcp->rst     = 0;  /*** RST flag not set during handshake ***/
        tcp->psh     = 0;  /*** PSH flag not set during handshake ***/
        tcp->ack     = 0;  /*** ACK flag not set during handshake ***/
        tcp->urg     = 0;  /*** URG flag not set during handshake ***/
        tcp->window  = htons(4000); /*** Maximum of next segments length ***/
        tcp->urg_ptr = htons(0);  /*** Only signifiant if urg flag set ***/

        tcp->check   = in_cksum((unsigned short *)pseudo,TCPHDR+PSEUDOHDR);
	  /*** Calculating tcp checksum to avoid data corruption ***/
}



				[ CHAPTER 3 ]
			        (UDP  HEADER)




---[ Theory


		So far now, you've  pass the  hardcore section.
	Udp  is less  complex  rather  then  tcp.  It doesn't
	have security features, no   reliability   but  haves
	the  same multiplexing    as    tcp.  Udp   haves   a
	higher transfert  rate  then  tcp,  which   make   it
	useful.  Like  tcp,  udp   got  a  checksum  too  and
	needs a pseudo header to calculate it.


	UDP Header Scheme:


	0                     15-16                    31
	+-----------------------+-----------------------+
	|     Source Port       |   Destination Port    |
	|       (16 b)          |       (16 b)          |
	+-----------------------+-----------------------+
	|       Length          |       Checksum        |
	|       (16 b)          |        (16 b)         |
	+-----------------------+-----------------------+
	>                     DATA                      <
	<                                               >



	Source Port (16 bits):
			The  source port  of  this datagram.
		Returning  segment  will  be  received  on
		this port.


	Destination Port (16 bits):
			The  datagrams   destination   port.
		The  dgram  will  be  received   from  the
		outgoing interface on that port.


	Length (16 bits):
			Holds the udp datagrams  length in
		octets, usualy 8.


	Checksum (16 bits):
			Contains the datagrams checksum to
		keep it's data  integrity  and to ensure
		that it wasn't misrouted.

		If you're curious  about  the  structure,
		take a look at Apendix A.





---[ Example




/***********************************************************************/
/*              Exile 2000 International Coding Team                   */
/*                   (http://www.exile2k.org)                          */
/*                 All rights reserved Exile Team                      */
/*                  Copyright 2000 (C) Nitr0gen                        */
/*                                                                     */
/*                This function basicly build a UDP header             */
/*                                                                     */
/***********************************************************************/


void build_udp(){

        struct udphdr *udp;        /*** Variable declarations ***/
        struct pseudohdr pseudo;

	if ((udp = (struct udphdr *) malloc(sizeof(struct udphdr))) == NULL){
		perror("Memory exhausted"); /*** Dynamic memory alloc. ***/
		return ;
	}


/*** Pseudo-Header's used to avoid misrouted datagrams ***/

	pseudo.saddr    = inet_addr("127.0.0.1"); /* Sending from localhost **/
	pseudo.daddr    = inet_addr("127.0.0.1"); /* Sending to localhost **/
	pseudo.useless  = htons(0);         /* To respect 32 bits boundaries */
	pseudo.protocol = IPPROTO_UDP;      /* Using UDP protocol */
	pseudo.length   = sizeof(struct udphdr); /* The sizeof udphdr struct */

        udp->source = htons(5000);  /** Sending from port 5000 */
        udp->dest   = htons(7);     /** Sending to echo server (port=7) */
        udp->len    = htons(sizeof(struct udphdr)); /* Length of udphdr
							and using htons()
							for bytes ordering
							purposes */

        udp->check  = in_cksum((unsigned short *)&pseudo,sizeof(struct udphdr));
			/*** Calculating checksum ***/

}



				[ CHAPTER 4 ]
				(ICMP HEADER)




---[ Theory


			Basicly  Internet  Control  Message  Protocol
		(ICMP) is used to report errors such as destination
		unreachable, time  exceed (Time to live expired) or
		source quench  which means that there's not  enough
		memory to  forward  the datagram  in  question.  To
		avoid  infinit  loop  over  a  network, there's  no
		icmp message about icmp message.



	ICMP Header Scheme:


	0                     15-16                    31
	+-----------+-----------+-----------------------+
	|   Type    |   Code    |       Checksum        |
	|   (8 b)   |   (8 b)   |        (16 b)         |
	+-----------+-----------+-----------------------+
	|		      UNUSED                  	|
	|                     (32 b)                    |
	+-----------------------------------------------+
	|       Internet Header + 64 bits of Data       |
	|                     (32 b)                    |
	+-----------------------------------------------+

			This is the standard format for the icmp header.
		But  as the Types and  Codes changes the  unused field
		become used.  If  unused stay  unused,  set  it  as 0.
		Depending on which icmp message it is, some ip headers
		field can change.



	ECHO REQUEST or ECHO REPLY
	--------------------------

			Commonly called PING.  To generate  a  reply, the
		stack reverse source  and destination  ip addresse from
		ip header.  UNUSED  field  is separated  into to 8 bits
		field respectivly called Identifier and Sequence number
		which  i'll describe below.


		TYPE (8 bits):
				0	For echo reply
				8	For echo request

		CODE (8 bits):
				0	Field unused for this type of message

		CHECKSUM (16 bits):
				The  checksum is  calculated as  the  other
			headers, but  the checksum field must be 0 before
			calculating.  To respect 32 bits  boundaries, the
			kernel can pad the message if his total length is
			odd.

		Identifier (16 bits):
				This field acts the  same as  ip headers ID,
			but for  echo and reply.  It helps  identify which
			echo reply belongs to which echo request.

		Sequence Number (16 bits):
				This field acts the  same as  ip headers ID,
			but for  echo and reply.  It helps  identify which
			echo reply belongs to which echo request.

		Data can be inserted in echo request but must be replied
		by the  host.  Personally  i don't get  the point to put
		some data into a echo request but...




	DESTINATION UNREACHABLE
	-----------------------

			This message  is used  to indicate a  host or
		network is down, a service isn't running, the stack
		isn't  supporting a  protocol, a  fragmentation  is
		needed but don't fragment (DF) is set and there was
		a error when routing  the packet.  The field UNUSED
		stay unused and should be set to 0.


		TYPE (8 bits):
			3	Destination Unreachable


		CODE (8 bits):
			0	Network Unreachable
			1	Host Unreachable
			2	Protocol Unreachable
			3	Port Unreachable
			4	Fragmentation need but DF set
			5	Source route failed



		CHECKSUM (16 bits):
				The checksum is calculated as the
			last message.


		UNUSED (32 bits):
                        Stay unused by this icmp message.
	

		INTERNET HEADER + 64 BITS OF DATA DGRAM:
				The topic  is  explicit.  Used  by
			higher level protocol, if there's a port
			to identify or any other field.



	SOURCE QUENCH
	-------------

			Source  Quench error  message  happens
		when a  host or gateway  doesn't have enough
		buffer  space to queue the  received  packet
		to forward it. To warn the host it generates
		a source quench icmp.


		TYPE (8 bits):
			4	Source Quench


		CODE (8 bits):
			0	Unused


                CHECKSUM (16 bits):
                                The checksum is calculated as the
                        last message.


                UNUSED (32 bits):
                        Stay unused by this icmp message.


                INTERNET HEADER + 64 BITS OF DATA DGRAM:
                                The topic is explicit.  Used  by
                        higher level protocol, if there's a port
                        to identify or any other field.



	REDIRECT
	--------

			A  redirect  message i  sended  when  there's
		a shorter path to arrive at a specify destionation.
		Take for example:

			Johnny  sends  a  packet to N  network.  It's
			route table  tells by d efault to  send it to
			Gateway #1  but when  gateway1   receives the
			packet it finds  a  shorter   way   to arrive
			at    destination.  It   sends   a   REDIRECT
			to the  source placing the new   gateway   ip
			into the UNUSED field.


		There's  one  exeption, when  IP source  routing is
		enabled in ip header  but i didn't talked  about ip
		options so i'll myself to this.


		TYPE (8 bits):
			5	Redirect


		CODE (8 bits):
			0	Redirect datagrams for a Network
			1	Redirect datagrams for a Host
			2	Redirect datagrams for a TOS and Network
			3	Redirect datagrams for a TOS and Host


		CHECKSUM (16 bits):
                                The checksum is calculated  as  the
                        last message.


		GATEWAY INTERNET ADDRESS (32 bits):
				Ip address of the  a nearest  gateway
			to send packet.


		INTERNET HEADER + 64 BITS OF DATA DGRAM:
                                The topic is  explicit.   Used   by
                        higher  level  protocol, if there's a  port
                        to identify or any other field.




	TIME EXCEED
	-----------

			That message is  sent when a packets Time  To
		Live(TTL) has expired or when the packet reassembly
		time has exceed.


		TYPE (8 bits):
			11	Time Exceed


		CODE (8 bits):
			0	Time To Live Exceed (TTL)
			1	Fragment reassembly time exceeded


		CHECKSUM (16 bits):
                                The checksum is calculated as the
                        last message.


		UNUSED (32 bits):
                        Stay unused by this icmp message.


		INTERNET HEADER + 64 BITS OF DATA DGRAM:
                                The topic is explicit.  Used  by
                        higher level protocol, if there's a port
                        to identify or any other field.




	PARAMETER PROBLEM
	-----------------

			Parameter problem  is sent back  when
		a datagrams got bad  values in his options,
		TOS or any invalid field.  A pointer to the
		bad field replace the UNUSED field.


		TYPE (8 bits):
			12	Parameter problem


		CODE (8 bits):
			0	Pointer indicates the error


		CHECKSUM (16 bits):
				The checksum  is calculated as  the
			last message.


		POINTER (8 bits):
				Only  signifiant  if  CODE = 0.  It
			points to the area where the error is.


		UNUSED (24 bits):
				Stay unused by this icmp message.


                INTERNET HEADER + 64 BITS OF DATA DGRAM:
				The topic is  explicit.   Used   by
                        higher  level  protocol, if there's a  port
                        to identify or any other field.




	TIMESTAMP REQUEST and TIMESTAMP REPLY
	-------------------------------------

			This is the  last  time the packet was touched
		in seconds  since  midnight  UT.  When the  packet's
		sent the  time is inserted  and  when  replied,  the
		time is inserted  after the  first  timestamp.  This
		way we can identify how far the peer is from us.


		TYPE (8 bits):
			13	Timestamp Request
			14	Timestamp Reply


		CODE (8 bits):
			0	Make ID and Seq Num signifiant


		CHECKSUM (16 bits):
                              The checksum  is calculated as  the
                        last message.

		IDENTIFIER (16 bits):
				Only signifiant if Code = 0.  It
			helps match reply with request.


		SEQUENCE NUMBER (16 bits):
				Only signifiant if Code = 0.  It
                        helps match reply with request.



	NETMASK REQUEST and NETMASK REPLY
	---------------------------------

			This icmp message returns the network mask
		of the  host   sending the message.  To generate a
		reply,  it  reverse  source   and   destinaiton ip
		address,  insert the subnet   mask into the field,
		recompute  the checksum   and send  back.  If  the
		sender  doesn't know  his own ip, he  puts 0  into
		the  source  ip address  field and  the reply will
		be broadcast. 



		TYPE (8 bits):
			17	Netmask Request
			18	Netmaks Reply


		CODE (8 bits):
			0	Make ID and Seq Num signifiant


		CHECKSUM (16 bits):
                              The checksum  is calculated as  the
                        last message.

		IDENTIFIER (16 bits):
				Only signifiant if Code = 0.  It
			helps match reply with request.


		SEQUENCE NUMBER (16 bits):
				Only signifiant if Code = 0.  It
                        helps match reply with request.



---[ Example




/***********************************************************************/
/*                                                                     */
/*              Exile 2000 International Coding Team                   */
/*                   (http://www.exile2k.org)                          */
/*                 All rights reserved Exile Team                      */
/*                  Copyright 2000 (C) Nitr0gen                        */
/*                                                                     */
/*            This function basicly build a ICMP message (PING)        */
/*                                                                     */
/***********************************************************************/



void icmp_build(){

	struct icmphdr *icmp;

	icmp = (struct icmphdr *) malloc(sizeof(struct icmphdr));

        icmp->type = ICMP_ECHO;	/*** ECHO REQUEST */
        icmp->code = 0;		/*** Id and Sequence field signifiant */
        icmp->un.echo.id = 0;	/*** To identify ping reply */
        icmp->un.echo.sequence = 0; /*** To identify ping reply */
        icmp->checksum = 0;	/*** Checksum field must be 0 before calculating */

        icmp->checksum = in_cksum((unsigned short *)icmp,sizeof(struct icmphdr));
		/*** Computing checksum */

}


				[ CHAPTER 5 ]
                             (THE IMPLEMENTATION)


---[ Theory

                        After all this theory about protocol
                headers, we  must  leave  the books and   go
                through the  implementation.  Basicly what i
                describe  here is  how  to  create  a socket
                using raw level, filling the  good structure
                for the socket  and  communicating  at  this
                low level.

                        First, we  will go  through a source
                and i'll explain every lines.  Let's go:


        int sock, optval;        /***   Socket file descriptor  ***/
        struct sockaddr_in peer; /*** Structure used by sendto() ***/


                So far, if  you  don't understand you better
                get a book about  socket  programmin g under
                unix environment.

        if ((sock = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_RAW,IPPROTO_TCP)) == -1){
                perror("Failed to cook socket");
                return -1;
        }


                These  lines   build   a   socket using TCP
                protocol for transport  layer.  The  socket
                is  SOCK_RAW     to  permit   raw   access.
                AF_INET is because  we are on the internet.
                So from now, if  socket()  returns a error,
                perror() display  the content of  errno and
                return the function.

        setsockopt(sock,IPPROTO_IP,IP_HDRINCL,&optval,sizeof(int));



                This  function  tells  the  socket  that we
                work at  IPPROTO_IP  level  and  the  we'll
                include  the  ip  header (IP_HDRINCL)  into
                the packet sent.  optval  and   sizeof(int)
                isn't signifiant for this option so i won't
                discuss about it.


        peer.sin_family      = AF_INET;
        peer.sin_port        = htons(23);
        peer.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("127.0.0.1");


                Here we fill up  the  sockaddr_in structure
                used  by  sendto().  We  tell  that  its  a
                Internet  family  protocol (AF_INET).   The
                destination port  is  23.  Again  we  do  a
                htons() for  byte  ordering.  Then  we  set
                the destination  address  using inet_addr()
                to convert address into binary.

                And  at  this  point  we  should  build our
		packet.  I'll take for asset that after all
		this theory  you're able, so it's a kind of
                exercise.


        sendto(sock, packet, strlen(packet),0,(struct sockaddr *)&peer,sizeof(struct sockaddr));



		We   then   send  the  packet  on  sock for
		strlen(packet) length.  After we  got the 0
		because we don't specify any flags. There's
		4 flags:

		MSG_OOB		This send  a  Out  Of Bound
				packet    increasing    his
				priority.

		MSG_DONTROUTE	Don't   look  at  the route
				table and send directly  to
				the interface.

		MSG_DONTWAIT	Normally snedto() can block
				But when  specified, sendto
				will  not block  and return
				EAGAIN.

		MSG_NONSIGNAL	Asks to n ot  send  SIGPIPE
				signal   when   a    stream
				oriented  connection  fails
				or disconnects.


		Then  we  put  peer  to  specify  protocols
		family, destination  port  and  destination
		addresse. We cast it because sendto expects
		to have a  pointer of struct sockaddr. Then
		we specify the  struct  sockaddr length and
		the datagram's sent!

		To make sure you understand, write this
		example and try to get back the packet
		and print the result.  I've done a source
		code to look if you've got problems.

		Hint:     man recv

			good luck


-----[ Conclusion ]---




                From now on, i've  done  the  best  as i  can
        to build a complete and good paper about the subject.
        i hope you  enjoyed this  text and  for sure that  it
        learned  you  how  to  code  using  raw socket.  That
        documentation  helped  me  understands  some things i
        wasn't sure  about  or  even  things that i had never
        heard  before.  Finally  i  would  like  to profit of
        this  moment  to notice  that i am officially telling
        publicly  that  in  short  time  i'll release  a nmap
        like   portscanner.  I'm  trying   to  improve  speed
        and coding style to  make  it  readable  to  ordinary
        people like me.  This  project  is  named  ESCAN  and
        include many features  like, connect  scan,  stealth,
        half open,  decoys,  logging.  A Beta  version should
        be  released as  soon as  i   can.  To   follow   the
        development   http://www.exile2k.org


               c0de c0de c0de and c0de again people!!!!




				[ Appendix A ]
			  (Structures and Functions)






---[ IP HEADER STRUCT



	struct iphdr {

	#if __BYTE_ORDER == __LITTLE_ENDIAN
	    unsigned int ihl:4;
	    unsigned int version:4;
	#elif __BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN
	    unsigned int version:4;
	    unsigned int ihl:4;
	#else
	# error	"Please fix <bits/endian.h>"
	#endif
	    u_int8_t tos;
	    u_int16_t tot_len;
	    u_int16_t id;
	    u_int16_t frag_off;
	    u_int8_t ttl;
	    u_int8_t protocol;
	    u_int16_t check;
	    u_int32_t saddr;
	    u_int32_t daddr;
	    /*The options start here. */
	};






---[ PSEUDO HEADER STRUCTURE



	struct pseudohdr {
	        unsigned long saddr;
	        unsigned long daddr;
	        char useless;
	        unsigned char protocol;
	        unsigned short length;
	};





---[ TCP HEADER STRUCTURE




	struct tcphdr {
		__u16	source;
		__u16	dest;
		__u32	seq;
		__u32	ack_seq;
	#if defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN_BITFIELD)
		__u16	res1:4,
			doff:4,
			fin:1,
			syn:1,
			rst:1,
			psh:1,
			ack:1,
			urg:1,
			res2:2;
	#elif defined(__BIG_ENDIAN_BITFIELD)
			__u16	doff:4,
			res1:4,
			res2:2,
			urg:1,
			ack:1,
			psh:1,
			rst:1,
			syn:1,
			fin:1;
	#else
	#error	"Adjust your <asm/byteorder.h> defines"
	#endif	
		__u16	window;
		__u16	check;
		__u16	urg_ptr;
	};





---[ UDP HEADER STRUCTURE



	struct udphdr {
		__u16	source;
		__u16	dest;
		__u16	len;
		__u16	check;
	};





---[ ICMP HEADER STRUCTURE




	struct icmphdr {
	  __u8          type;
	  __u8          code;
	  __u16         checksum;
	  union {
	        struct {
	                __u16   id;
	                __u16   sequence;
	        } echo;
	        __u32   gateway;
	        struct {
	                __u16   __unused;
	                __u16   mtu;
	        } frag;
	  } un;
	};





---[ CHECKSUM CALCULATING FUNCTION




	/*
	 * in_cksum --
	 *      Checksum routine for Internet Protocol
	 *	family headers (C Version)
	 */
	unsigned short in_cksum(unsigned short *addr, int len)
	{
	    register int sum = 0;
	    u_short answer = 0;
	    register u_short *w = addr;
	    register int nleft = len;

	    /*
	     * Our algorithm is simple, using a 32 bit accumulator (sum), we add
	     * sequential 16 bit words to it, and at the end, fold back all the
	     * carry bits from the top 16 bits into the lower 16 bits.
	     */
	    while (nleft > 1)
	      {
		  sum += *w++;
		  nleft -= 2;
	      }

	    /* mop up an odd byte, if necessary */
	    if (nleft == 1)
	      {
		  *(u_char *) (&answer) = *(u_char *) w;
		  sum += answer;
	      }
	    /* add back carry outs from top 16 bits to low 16 bits */
	    sum = (sum >> 16) + (sum & 0xffff);		/* add hi 16 to low 16 */
	    sum += (sum >> 16);		/* add carry */
	    answer = ~sum;		/* truncate to 16 bits */
	    return (answer);
	}







----[ Sources


/***********************************************************************/
/*                                                                     */
/*              Exile 2000 International Coding Team                   */
/*                   (http://www.exile2k.org)                          */
/*                 All rights reserved Exile Team                      */
/*                  Copyright 2000 (C) Nitr0gen                        */
/*                                                                     */
/*            This function basicly build a ICMP message (PING)        */
/*                          including Ip header                        */
/*                                                                     */
/*            Your almost done! Compile the example and enjoy          */
/*                    understanding my rustic code                     */
/*                                                                     */
/***********************************************************************/


#include <stdio.h>

#include <linux/ip.h>
#include <linux/icmp.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>




unsigned short in_cksum(unsigned short *addr, int len);


int main(){

	int sock, optval;
	char *packet, *buffer;

	struct icmphdr *icmp;

	struct sockaddr_in peer;
        struct iphdr *ip;


        ip = (struct iphdr *) malloc(sizeof(struct iphdr));
        icmp     = (struct icmphdr *) malloc(sizeof(struct icmphdr));
        packet  = (char *) malloc(sizeof(struct iphdr) + sizeof(struct icmphdr));
        buffer  = (char *) malloc(sizeof(struct iphdr) + sizeof(struct icmphdr));


	ip = (struct iphdr *) packet;
        icmp = (struct icmphdr *) (packet + sizeof(struct iphdr));


        ip->ihl     = 5;
        ip->version = 4;
        ip->tos     = 0;
        ip->tot_len = sizeof(struct iphdr) + sizeof(struct icmphdr);
	ip->id      = htons(getuid());
	ip->ttl      = 255;
	ip->protocol = IPPROTO_ICMP;
	ip->saddr    = inet_addr("127.0.0.1");
	ip->daddr    = inet_addr("127.0.0.1");


	sock = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_RAW,IPPROTO_ICMP);
	setsockopt(sock,IPPROTO_IP,IP_HDRINCL,&optval,sizeof(int));

	icmp->type = ICMP_ECHO;
	icmp->code = 0;
	icmp->un.echo.id = 0;
	icmp->un.echo.sequence = 0;
	icmp->checksum = 0;

	icmp->checksum = in_cksum((unsigned short *)icmp,sizeof(struct icmphdr));

        ip->check    = in_cksum((unsigned short *)ip, sizeof(struct iphdr));



	peer.sin_family = AF_INET;
	peer.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("127.0.0.1");

	sendto(sock,packet,ip->tot_len,0,(struct sockaddr *)&peer,sizeof(struct sockaddr));

	recv(sock,buffer,sizeof(struct iphdr)+sizeof(struct icmphdr),0);
	printf("Received the ECHO REPLY\n");

	close(sock);
	return 0;
}








/***********************************************************************/
/*                                                                     */
/*              Exile 2000 International Coding Team                   */
/*                   (http://www.exile2k.org)                          */
/*                 All rights reserved Exile Team                      */
/*                  Copyright 2000 (C) Nitr0gen                        */
/*                                                                     */
/*                This function basicly build a UDP datagram           */
/*          including Ip header and send it to local echo server       */
/*                                                                     */
/*    To make the lab successful please enable echo server:            */
/*                                                                     */
/*       - pico /etc/inetd.conf                                        */
/*       - Uncomment the echo server (udp one)                         */
/*       - killall -HUP inetd                                          */
/*                                                                     */
/*            Your almost done! Compile the example and enjoy          */
/*                    understanding my rustic code                     */
/*                                                                     */
/***********************************************************************/


#include <stdio.h>

#include <linux/ip.h>
#include <linux/udp.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>




unsigned short in_cksum(unsigned short *addr, int len);



int main(){

	int sock, optval;
	char *packet, *buffer;

	struct udphdr *udp;
        struct pseudohdr {
                unsigned long saddr;
                unsigned long daddr;
                char useless;
                unsigned char protocol;
                unsigned short length;
        }pseudo;

	struct sockaddr_in peer;
        struct iphdr *ip;


        ip = (struct iphdr *) malloc(sizeof(struct iphdr));
        udp     = (struct udphdr *) malloc(sizeof(struct udphdr));
        packet  = (char *) malloc(sizeof(struct iphdr) + sizeof(struct udphdr) + 12);
        buffer  = (char *) malloc(sizeof(struct iphdr) + sizeof(struct udphdr) + 12);


	ip = (struct iphdr *) packet;
        udp = (struct udphdr *) (packet + sizeof(struct iphdr));


        ip->ihl     = 5;
        ip->version = 4;
        ip->tos     = 0;
        ip->tot_len = sizeof(struct iphdr) + sizeof(struct udphdr) +12;
	ip->id      = htons(getuid());
	ip->ttl      = 255;
	ip->protocol = IPPROTO_UDP;
	ip->saddr    = inet_addr("127.0.0.1");
	ip->daddr    = inet_addr("127.0.0.1");


	sock = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_RAW,IPPROTO_UDP);
	setsockopt(sock,IPPROTO_IP,IP_HDRINCL,&optval,sizeof(int));

	pseudo.saddr    = inet_addr("127.0.0.1");
	pseudo.daddr    = inet_addr("127.0.0.1");
	pseudo.useless  = htons(0);
	pseudo.protocol = IPPROTO_UDP;
	pseudo.length   = sizeof(struct udphdr) + 12;


	udp->source = htons(5000);
	udp->dest   = htons(7);
	udp->len    = htons(sizeof(struct udphdr) + 12);
	udp->check  = in_cksum((unsigned short *)&pseudo,sizeof(struct udphdr) + sizeof(struct pseudohdr) + 12);

        ip->check    = in_cksum((unsigned short *)ip, sizeof(struct iphdr));


	strcpy((packet+sizeof(struct iphdr) + sizeof(struct udphdr)),"Hello World");

	peer.sin_family = AF_INET;
	peer.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("127.0.0.1");
	peer.sin_port = htons(7);

	sendto(sock,packet,ip->tot_len,0,(struct sockaddr *)&peer,sizeof(struct sockaddr));

	recv(sock,buffer,sizeof(struct iphdr)+sizeof(struct udphdr)+13,0);

	buffer += (sizeof(struct iphdr)+sizeof(struct udphdr));
	printf("Reply from Echo server:\t%s\n",buffer);

	close(sock);
	return 0;
}


				[ References ]



	Tcp/Ip Illustrated Volume 1 (The Protocol)
	By W. Richard Stevens (Addison Wesley)

	Tcp/Ip Illustrated Volume 2 (The implementation)
	By Gary R. Wright and W. Richard Stevens (Addition Wesley)

	Take a look at:
		http://www.exile2k.org		Exile Team home page
		http://www.hexedit.com		HNS home page
		http://www.eEyes.com		eEyes home page




				[ Greetings ]



	Special thanx to:
		My Exile team bro's: Mayhem(Tutu rose emulator),
					   Rix(Assembly wh0re),
					   Kraken(Saleter dhypee),
					   Ehoba(Pas toi!!!),
					   Liks(Erm...)

			or Europeen wh0res kinda synonyms =]
			 ---> keep it kool guys!

		#rhino9 peeps: Colonwq(Gotta learn you howto drink),
			       Hexedit(Lucky to be yourself),
			       Binf(Mon mentor de hacking y0),
			       Klog(Bleh j00),
			       zorkeres(Still sickshit addict?),
			       RcLocal(The french skill0rz),
			       and others

		People who supported me even if i was newbie: Utopiste,
							      Wyzeman...

	~ My parents who made it possible during 1982's night... ~

			God bless people i forget...





		Nitr0gen     Exile Team 2000     Rock on!
			 [email protected]