https://wiki.preterhuman.net/index.php?title=Review_of_Community_Networks&feed=atom&action=historyReview of Community Networks - Revision history2024-03-28T23:15:47ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.35.0https://wiki.preterhuman.net/index.php?title=Review_of_Community_Networks&diff=28633&oldid=prevNetfreak at 06:46, 24 December 20202020-12-24T06:46:13Z<p></p>
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<br />
Review of Community Networks, by Ken George (cybergeorge@igc.apc.org),<br />
MC503 Communication Research, Emerson College, Dr. H.H. Frederick<br />
(cyberprof@igc.apc.org)<br />
<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
<br />
<br />
This report is a cursory review of community networks. I was<br />
introduced to the latter only recently and quite by accident. After<br />
hours of 'surfing' the 'net' for inspiration for a topic, I stumbled<br />
across the Cleveland Community Free-Net. This not-for-profit computer<br />
network provides e-mail, internet access and other similar amenities, to<br />
groups that are often underserved by on-line commercial services. For<br />
example, the network is home to a mental health conferencing section<br />
complete with discussion groups and information about locally available<br />
services. As a former mental health worker myself, I've often observed<br />
how mentally ill individuals are disempowered by the impersonal<br />
institutional nature still common to much of the mental health system.<br />
Here on the Cleveland Free-Net, mental health consumers have their own<br />
'space' for discussion, a place free from the institutional constraints<br />
they face in the 'real' world. I'm not certain if this constitutes a<br />
"virtual community" as defined by Howard Rheingold.1 I am convinced<br />
however, that community networks are repositories of empowering social<br />
interactions and may rehabilitate the waning civic and social ethos<br />
common to many communities across this nation.<br />
<br />
I've conceived of this report as a 'guide' for those unfamiliar<br />
with community networks. I've endeavored to explain this phenomenon<br />
with a minimum of the jargon common to the social sciences. My<br />
operative assumption is that the reader knows little about community<br />
computing. I hope the reader finds what's on these pages interesting<br />
enough to want to learn more. For those so inclined, I've listed some<br />
sources that can be mined for further information. In keeping with the<br />
true spirit of the "paperless" nature of this assignment, all citations<br />
are from materials published on-line. The majority of these are from<br />
network postings located under various menu items. A few items cited<br />
are actual articles that were published in electronic form.<br />
<br />
COMMUNITY NETWORKS: AN OVERVIEW<br />
<br />
In order to understand the bulk of the following review of<br />
community nets, it is important that the reader have a basic conceptual<br />
understanding of the technology involved. I found the following to be<br />
the most comprehensible. It is from the National Public Telecomputing<br />
Network (NPTN), a national organization that aspires to be the PBS of<br />
community networking:<br />
<br />
"A multi-user computer is established at a central location in a<br />
given area and the machine is connected to the telephone system through<br />
a series of devices called modems. Running on the machine is a computer<br />
program that provides its users with everything from electronic mail<br />
services to information about health care, education technology,<br />
government, recreation, or just about anything else the host operators<br />
would like to place on the machine."2<br />
<br />
All across the country communities are being wired to these<br />
"multi-user computers." Networks are sprouting in small hamlets and big<br />
cities alike. The National Telecomputing Network has 46 affiliated<br />
systems in the U.S. alone, as well as over 100 organizing committees<br />
nationwide.3 And this in addition to an incalculable number of<br />
unaffiliated community systems! There is a marked qualitative<br />
difference among these nets with small systems cobbled together on a<br />
shoe string defining one end of the spectrum and the powerful unix<br />
systems run by paid professional staff defining the other end. And<br />
though a standard network for a medium size city can cost in the six<br />
figure range, the smaller systems appropriate to the needs of rural<br />
regions, can be had for a mere fraction of that cost. In fact, the NPTN<br />
offers instructional designs of "mini Free-Nets" that utilize Macintosh<br />
technology.4 And the diffusion of this affordable computer technology is<br />
fueling the growth in community nets all over the world.<br />
<br />
A good starting point for considering the significance of<br />
networks, is to think of the latter as critical components of what<br />
Richard Civille, of the Center for Civic Networking, calls the<br />
"community information infrastructure."5 This consists of the sources<br />
and conduits of information for a community. Civille postulates that<br />
this infrastructure, like its brick and mortar counterpart, is vital to<br />
socioeconomic development.6 All communities have such infrastructures.<br />
In North American communities it tends to be very developed and<br />
complex, consisting of a number of different sources. A hallmark<br />
characteristic of this infrastructure is private ownership. Its few<br />
member components still in public hands (e.g. libraries, community<br />
broadcasting stations) are being gradually shifted to the private<br />
sector. The structure of ownership is changing as well. Media<br />
properties are owned by international conglomerations with economic<br />
interests that transcend the specific needs of the community. This<br />
internationalizing economy produces disparities in employment, wages,<br />
and--perhaps most significantly in an information age--disparities in<br />
access and possession of information assets. Large pockets of the<br />
information poor inhabit an information driven economy. The former can<br />
be measured in the amount of the population without on-line services,<br />
cable, libraries and a host of other informational necessities.<br />
<br />
Community networks can address some of the more egregious<br />
disparities within the information infrastructure. They are in many ways<br />
similar to public libraries. The latter provided generations of<br />
Americans access to books and knowledge when a private education was<br />
beyond their reach. Networks are repositories of knowledge accessible to<br />
citizens being by passed by the commercialization of the information<br />
superhighway. Like libraries, community nets are controlled by the<br />
citizens of the local community and not external economic interests.<br />
This empowers the community to shape the application of the medium--not<br />
vice versa.7 This 'civic' ethos is common to all forms of community<br />
media. All are dedicated to claiming public space in a rapidly<br />
privatizing information infrastructure. Even the most primitive<br />
community nets are intersecting the social, political and perhaps<br />
economic dynamics of communities. The significance of these<br />
intersections is the subject of much debate by researchers and<br />
theorists. Those instrumental in establishing community systems believe<br />
they present an unprecedented means for empowering citizens. They<br />
suggest that the infinitesimal amount of information at the users<br />
disposal, in addition to the interactive nature of the medium, make it<br />
ideally suited to this purpose. An on-line position paper published by<br />
the Center for Civic Networking contains some cogent examples of this<br />
empowering capacity:<br />
<br />
*Homeless individuals in California connect with and successfully<br />
lobby the local government to fund public showers and other basic<br />
amenities.8<br />
<br />
*Public libraries in Youngstown, Ohio provide low income<br />
individuals access to a local community Free- Net that contains<br />
information about area services. No prior computer experience is<br />
required to access the system.9<br />
<br />
*The Big Sky Telegraph Company in Montana connects school<br />
children in rural localities to educational resources at MIT.10<br />
<br />
The following pages contain brief profiles of two community<br />
computer systems that are on the cutting edge of community computing.<br />
One, is the Cleveland Free-Net, a standard bearer in the community<br />
network movement; the realization of a vision of utilizing technology to<br />
transcend the social and economic forces that rend communities. The<br />
other, the Blacksburg Electronic Village, demonstrates the positive end<br />
results of an alliance between business, civic and educational<br />
institutions. While both embrace the vision of citizen empowerment,<br />
they approach the latter from slightly different perspectives that is<br />
evident in the ethos of each respective network. I've dichotomized<br />
these differences (perhaps unfairly) as the 'civic' orientation vs. the<br />
'commercial' orientation. Certianly, this is an oversimplification, as<br />
both networks contain a range of applications, utilizations and<br />
activities that intersect both orientations in one form or another.<br />
However, my general impression is that the Blacksburg project speaks of<br />
empowerment as the emancipating consequence of technology. The<br />
Cleveland Free-Net seems to espouse a philosophy of empowerment far more<br />
challenging to powerful economic interests.<br />
<br />
The Civic Paradigm: The Cleveland Free-Net<br />
<br />
The Cleveland Free-Net(CFN) is in the vanguard of public<br />
community computing. What started as an experiment in making medical<br />
information publicly accessible over an electronic bulletin board<br />
system, evolved into a sophisticated community network serving over<br />
30,000 citizens in the Greater Cleveland area.11 The success of this<br />
'experiment' helped to spawn the community network movement. In fact, I<br />
believe the NPTN, which provides a great deal of organizational<br />
structure to the later, itself arose out of the CFN. The growth of this<br />
network is only partly attributable to the institutional resources of<br />
Case Western Reserve, which supplied the information infrastructure to<br />
get the network up and running. It is the remarkable leadership of Dr.<br />
Tom Grundner that is centrally responsible for the expansion of the<br />
CFN. It was Grundner who initiated the original bulletin board<br />
experiment out of Case Western's School of Medicine and who continues to<br />
guide the direction of community networking in his current capacity as<br />
President and Chairman of the NPTN.12<br />
<br />
The influence of the NPTN is manifest in everything from<br />
language--it popularized the term "Free-Net" (now a legally protected<br />
"service mark" of the NPTN)--to the "electric city motifs" universal to<br />
community nets.13 The latter is an extremely user friendly system of<br />
organizing information on the network. Upon entering the system, the<br />
user is shown a main menu display of items analogous to institutions<br />
common to a city, i.e., a "post office", a "government center," a<br />
"medical arts building" a "public space" etc. If, for instance, the<br />
user wanted information about various elected officials, accessing the<br />
"government center" would reveal a list of submenus ( city, state.<br />
federal) that direct the user along a sequential path towards the<br />
information requested. This innovation has allowed greater access to<br />
members of the population with minimal computer literacy skills. In<br />
fact, it is this commitment to access that represents the paramount<br />
influence of the NPTN. This moral vision--actualized as a concerted<br />
endeavor to provide access to all citizens--continues to define and<br />
influence the community net movement all over the world and is the<br />
benchmark by which the success of a given system is measured.<br />
The NPTN states that the key to that success is the level<br />
of community participation in operating the Free-Net.14 Such<br />
participation, often for little or no renumeration, translates into less<br />
expensive rates for users. The CFN appears to have achieved an optimal<br />
level of support from citizen volunteers and institutional assistance to<br />
enable it to keep its rates affordable to a segment of Cleveland's<br />
working class, who subscribe in numbers equal to that of middle class<br />
users.15<br />
<br />
As the CFN represents the 'crown jewel' of community networks,<br />
it is unreasonable to expect other networks to duplicate its success.<br />
The smaller, rurally based systems lack the institutional and<br />
infrastructure resources available to some of their urban<br />
counterparts. CFN is a model to be emulated, not copied. Just as<br />
apprentice painters study the great masters, the CFN should be the<br />
required course of study for those intending to get involved in the<br />
community net business. Whether this civic paradigm is able to survive<br />
a Darwinian jungle inhabited by telecommunications conglomerates with<br />
their videotex dialing services is problematic. That its survival is<br />
crucial to civil society there should be no doubt.<br />
<br />
***The Cleveland Community Free-Net***<br />
Telnet: freenet-in-a.cwru.edu<br />
Visitor Login: Select #2 at the first menu.<br />
Number of active accounts: Over 35,000<br />
Area of service: Greater Cleveland<br />
<br />
<br />
Main Menu<br />
<br />
1. The Administration Building<br />
2. The Post Office<br />
3. The Public Square<br />
4. The Courthouse & Government Center<br />
5. The Arts Building<br />
6. Science & Technology Center<br />
7. The Medical Arts Building<br />
8. The Schoolhouse<br />
9. The Community Center & Recreational Area<br />
10. The Business and Industrial Park<br />
11. The Library<br />
12. University Circle<br />
13. The Teleport<br />
14. The Communications Center<br />
15. NPTN/USA TODAY Headline News<br />
<br />
Some Noteworthy Features: Under the Medical Arts Building see "The Byte<br />
Animal Clinic" a great way to have your pet's Veterinarian needs attended<br />
to on-line. Also, see the Psychology and Mental Health area where<br />
mental health professionals provide mental health services on-line.<br />
Further worth exploring is the courthouse, which contains a law clinic<br />
in which practicing attorneys answer legal questions.<br />
<br />
The Consumer Paradigm: Blacksburg Electronic Village<br />
<br />
Blacksburg is a tiny village nestled in the shadow of the<br />
Appalachian Mountains in Southwestern Virginia. The "electronic<br />
village" is the result of a collaboration of a number of parties<br />
motivated by self-interest. The "core partners" of this collaboration<br />
are Blacksburg, Virginia Tech and Bell Atlantic.16 This public-private<br />
initiative, of the kind so effusively praised by Clinton Administration<br />
officials, endeavors to eventually wire the entire village to a "21st<br />
century" information infrastructure ." The "infrastructure" is<br />
provided courtesy of Bell Atlantic. In return, aside from the positive<br />
publicity generated as a result of their participation, Bell Atlantic<br />
gets a laboratory in which to fine tune information services and<br />
delivery systems.17 Many of the postings explaining the mission and<br />
objectives of this project read as though they were pulled from the<br />
pages of Business Week Magazine. The following is an excerpt of a<br />
description of the project:<br />
<br />
"Companies desiring to characterize and penetrate 21st century<br />
community-wide information service markets need a way to test their<br />
offerings. They need to deploy their offerings into an environment in<br />
which a critical mass of users is actively using network-based<br />
information services an a routine basis...Blacksburg is that<br />
community."18<br />
<br />
The "critical mass" of users accrue the typical benefits<br />
associated with a network such as e-mail, discussion groups, and other<br />
services. Many of the latter are applied to consumer applications--at<br />
least that is what I gathered after perusing some of the village's<br />
offerings. There is an "on-line" village mall and opportunities for<br />
"consumers" to make purchases electronically.19 Of the various local<br />
menu items I could access as a visitor, the single largest one consisted<br />
of information and advertisements for various businesses! I'm not<br />
implying that the users of the electronic village are simply consumers<br />
intrigued by the possibilities of one-stop electronic shopping. I'm sure<br />
there is a healthy amount of social intercourse and stimulating<br />
discussion in the various conferences. Still, the vistor acclimated to<br />
Free-Nets may find this village cluttered with an inordinate amount of<br />
commercial 'stuff'. Obviously, this is one of the costs of this type of<br />
public-private partnership. The other -high costs and lack of community<br />
control has yet to be realized. For now, the various partners have<br />
maintained an equilibrium that benefits the consumer. Whether this will<br />
sustain itself over time--particularly given the disparity in power of<br />
the participants--is problematic. As localities rush to hook up to the<br />
"21st century," they should pause long and hard before entering into<br />
partnerships that may eventually exacerbate the very problems these<br />
partnerships were established to alleviate.<br />
<br />
***The Blacksburg Electronic Village***<br />
<br />
Gopher: gopher.bev.net WWW: http//www.bev.net location: Blacksburg,<br />
Virginia area of service: Blacksburg, Virginia and environs<br />
users: 14,000<br />
<br />
MAIN MENU<br />
<br />
1. Village Gopher<br />
2. About the Blacksburg Electronic Village<br />
3. Posting Info on BEV<br />
4. Learn more about BEV on the Internet<br />
5. Local Government<br />
6. Local Business<br />
7. Community Activities and Organizations<br />
8. Event and Entertainment Calendar<br />
9. Village Schoolhouse <br />
10. News<br />
11. Library<br />
12. Health Care Information<br />
13. Virginia Tech Gophers and VTLS<br />
<br />
Noteworthy Features: The medical clinic provides an extensive database<br />
of various illnesses. The user enters in a description of symptoms<br />
which are then paired with a corresponding diagnosis.<br />
<br />
<br />
Additional Information<br />
<br />
For those interested in learning more, I suggest consulting the<br />
following. This list is far from comprehensive, but the various items<br />
listed should contain information that will point the way to other<br />
sources more specific to the readers' particular interest with<br />
community nets.<br />
<br />
The National Public Telecommunications Network - A national organization<br />
endeavoring to start up "Free-Nets" all over the world. NPTN is a<br />
clearinghouse of cutting edge information on networking. They also<br />
provide practical advice and assistance to affiliated networks and<br />
citizens organizing community nets. For basic information contact:<br />
info@nptn.org or call 216-247-5800.<br />
<br />
The Center For Civic Networking - An advocacy group established to<br />
advance the cause of a public telecommunications infrastructure. The<br />
Center publishes position papers, press releases and participates in the<br />
development of civic networking models. This group has been<br />
instrumental in establishing an experimental "civic net" in Cambridge,<br />
MA! An accessible resource Emerson students are advised to investigate!<br />
Contact: mfidelman@civicnet.org or 617-241-9205. gopher gopher-civic.net<br />
2400, WWW: http:/www.civic.net .<br />
<br />
alt.freenet- A USENET discussion group. I haven't noticed much activity<br />
here, but this could be subject to change as the community net movement<br />
expands in numbers.<br />
<br />
Listserve- Listserv@calvin.dgbt.doc.ca. This listserve discussion group<br />
approaches community networking from a highly theoretical perspective.<br />
To subscribe, e-mail to the address given with the following subscribe<br />
command: subscribe commnet_research first name last name.<br />
<br />
I also recommend accessing the following networks. All are NPTN affiliates:<br />
<br />
Alabama: Mobile Area Free-Net<br />
Telnet: ns1.maf.mobile.al.us<br />
Visitor login: "visitor"None<br />
A rather "folksy" net struggling with scarce resources. Some<br />
very interesting regionalisms evident in the newsgroup topics.<br />
<br />
Colorado:Denver Free-Net<br />
Telnet: freenet.hsc.colorado.edu<br />
Visitor login: "guest"<br />
A rather advanced system offering a host of amenities similar to<br />
the CFN. <br />
<br />
<br />
Montana:Big Sky Telegraph<br />
Telnet:192.231.192.1<br />
Visitor login: "bbs"<br />
This net services a mostly rural population. It would provide an<br />
interesting contrast with the more metropolitan nets.<br />
Unfortunately, it is extremely difficult to telnet to and I have<br />
yet to get through.<br />
<br />
<br />
Notes<br />
<br />
<I had some difficulty with putting these notes in the proper format.<br />
First off, I'm not certain if there is such a format. I consulted the<br />
Tubarian text; the format most applicable to the nature of this<br />
assignment was the one concerning referencing "Material Obtained<br />
through an Information Service." I've adapted the latter in referencing<br />
the sources I consulted for this assignment. Some of these sources<br />
lacked dates, authors etc., consequently, the notes are rather sparse in<br />
terms of specifics. Another problem I encountered was locating a<br />
specific internet address. Much of the material I found was via one of<br />
the numerous gopher services offered by IGC. However, the source itself<br />
did not contain a specific "gopher" address. For example, I stumbled a<br />
cross BEV via "gophers by region." Once at BEV, I could not anywhere<br />
locate a specific gopher or www or other applicable internet address.<br />
It was only after e-mailing them for specific information was I able to<br />
obtain the address. Rheingold, Howard, A Slice of Life in My Virtual<br />
Community, on-line article based in part on article published in Whole<br />
Earth Review, June 1992, Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link, San Francisco, Ca,<br />
gopher gopher.well.sf.ca.us.<br />
<br />
2Community Computing and the National Public Telecomputing<br />
Network, p. 3, published on-line by the NPTN, Cleveland, Oh, 1993, I<br />
Accessed this article via the Colorado Free-Net, Telnet:<br />
freenet.hsc.colorado.edu.<br />
<br />
3National Public Telecomputing Network: Affiliate Systems and<br />
Organizing Committees, an on-line publication of the NPTN, April 1995, I<br />
accessed this article via the Colorado Free-Net, Telnet:<br />
freenet.hsc.colorado.edu.<br />
<br />
4Community Computing., p. 8.<br />
<br />
5Richard Civille, Building Community Information Infrastructure:<br />
Universal Service in the Information Age, p. 3, an on-line publication<br />
of the Center for Civic Networking, Washington, D.C., (no date given),<br />
gopher gopher.civic.net 2400.<br />
<br />
6Ibid. 7Starting A Free-Net Community Computer System, an<br />
on-line publication of the National Telecomputing Network, Cleveland,<br />
Oh.,(no date given), p. 2, I accessed this via the Colorado Free-Net,<br />
Telnet: freenet.hsc.colorado.edu.<br />
<br />
8Richard Civille, Miles Fidelman, John Altobello. A National<br />
Strategy for Civic Networks: A Vision of Change, p. 3, an on-line<br />
publication of the Center for Civic Networking, Washington, D.C.,<br />
October 1993, p. 3, gopher gopher.civic.net 2400.<br />
<br />
9Ibid., 5.<br />
<br />
10Ibid., 10<br />
<br />
11Community Computing., 4.<br />
<br />
12Ibid., 1-2. <br />
<br />
13Ibid., 4.<br />
<br />
14Ibid., 3.<br />
<br />
15Ibid., 4.<br />
<br />
16Blacksburg Electronic Village, Vision Statement, Chapter 1,<br />
Blacksburg, Va.,1995, gopher.bev.net.<br />
<br />
17Ibid., Chapter 8.<br />
<br />
18Ibid., Chapter 5.<br />
<br />
19Blacksburg Electronic Village, "What Can I do?" Blacksburg,<br />
Va., 1995, gopher.bev.net.<br />
<br />
BIBLIOGRAPHY<br />
<br />
The Blacksburg Electronic Village. A System of interlinking computer<br />
systems based in Blacksburg, Va., 1995. gopher.bev.net.<br />
<br />
Civille, Richard. Building Community Information Infrastructure:<br />
Universal Service for the Information Age. An on-line paper put out by<br />
the Center for Civic Networking, Washington, D.C., (no date available).<br />
gopher gopher.civic. net 2400<br />
<br />
The Cleveland Community Free-Net. A community computing system based in<br />
Cleveland, Oh., 1995. Telnet: freenet- in-a.cwru.edu<br />
<br />
Civille, Richard, Miles Fidelman, John Altobello. A National Strategy<br />
for Civic Networks: A Vision of Change. An on- line policy paper of the<br />
Center for Civic networking, Washington, D.C., (no date available).<br />
gopher gopher. civic. net 2400.<br />
<br />
Community Computing and the National Public Telecomputing Network.<br />
Published on-line by the NPTN, Cleveland, Oh., September 1993. Accessed<br />
through Denver Free-Net, Telnet: freenet.hsc.colorado.edu.<br />
<br />
National Public Telecomputing Network Affiliate Systems and Organizing<br />
Committees. A list of affiliated systems of the NPTN, Cleveland, Oh.,<br />
1995. I accessed this through the Denver Free-Net, Telnet: freenet.hsc.<br />
colorado.edu.<br />
<br />
Starting A Free-Net Community Computer System. Instructional material<br />
put out by the National Public Telecomputing Network, Cleveland, Oh. (no<br />
date given), Obtained via the Denver Free-Net, Telnet:<br />
freenet.hsc.colorado.edu.<br />
<br />
Rheingold, Howard. A Slice of Life in My Virtual Community<br />
An on-line article of the Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link, San<br />
Francisco, Ca., June 1992. gopher gopher.well.sf.ca.us.<br />
<br />
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[[Category:Essays]]</div>Netfreak